Facility Safety Management

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PASS the Fire Extinguisher

First Line of Defense: Know How to Use It

Portable fire extinguishers are intended as a first line of defense to cope with fires of limited size. The selection and installation of extinguishers is independent of whether a building is equipped with automatic sprinklers, standpipe and hose, or other fixed protection equipment.

A fire extinguisher should only be used by someone who meets the following criteria:

• You have been trained;

• You have the proper type and properly charged unit for the fire you are fighting;

• You have first contained the fire, activated the building alarm and have reported the fire;

• You have your back to an unobstructed exit;

• Everyone else has left the area;

• There is little smoke or flames.

Never fight a fire if it has left its source of origin, you are unsure of the type of extinguisher you are using or you lack a safe way to escape should your efforts fail. If the fire cannot be brought under control in 30 seconds, then abandon your efforts, close the door(s) and evacuate immediately.

All fire extinguishers contain agent under stored pressure. They all operated in a similar fashion. You should become familiar with the fire extinguishers near your workplace or classroom prior to attempting to use one. Each fire extinguisher has instructions printed on the label.

Remember the helpful acronym below If you choose to attempt extinguishment:

PASS

• Pull the pin at the top of the extinguisher. The pin releases a locking mechanism and will allow you to discharge the extinguisher.

• Aim at the base of the fire, not the flames. This is important – in order to put out the fire, you must extinguish the fuel.

• Squeeze the lever slowly. This will release the extinguishing agent in the extinguisher.

If the handle is released, the discharge will stop.

• Sweep from side to side. Using a sweeping motion, move the fire extinguisher hose back and forth until the fire is completely out. Operate the extinguisher from a safe distance, several feet away then move toward the fire once it starts to diminish.

Never turn your back on a fire. Even if the fire appears to be out, back away from it slowly. Never position yourself in a manner that prevents you from escaping in the event that the fire grows. Know where your exit is and make sure you can get to it if you are unable to extinguish the fire.FSM

Source: National Fire Protection Association.

Pre-molded Plugs: These are typically molded from soft plastic that is preformed to fit the ear. Reach around the back of the head and pull outward and upward on the ear while inserting these plugs until they feel like they are sealing the ear. Premolded plugs are relatively easy to insert and are reusable.

Although some of the newer versions are one-sized products, many are sold in two or more sizes and must be individually sized for each ear. They can become loose while wearing and require resealing.

Custom Molded Plugs: Individual impressions are made of each ear canal using a quick-curing material. For some products, the impressions themselves are coated and sealed to become reusable earplugs; for others, the impressions are sent to a lab to make a subsequent custom ear mold.

Some employees like the individual attention of having their own earplugs molded and fit, and for some ears, custom ear molds are especially comfortable.

Custom plugs can be expensive, though, especially when employee/technician time is considered as a cost. Slight and normal changes in ear canal size may require taking new impressions.

Semi-Inserts/Canal Caps: These consist of a lightweight band with soft rounded or conical pods or flexible tips that seal at or near the entrance of the ear canal. They can be useful for intermittent exposures, since they are quick to put on and take off and easy to hang around the neck when not in use. However, they generally provide less protection than either plugs or muffs and aren’t usually recommended for continuous long-term use because of discomfort.

Earmuffs: Consist of rigid cups with soft plastic cushions that fit around the pinna (outer ear) and against the head. The muffs must fully enclose and seal around the ears to properly block noise. They are easy to use and fit, and to put on and take off, and therefore generally require less training in use.

They provide consistent protection in most cases. But, safety glasses, long hair, and beards may interfere with a good seal, or the muffs themselves may interfere with other safety equipment like helmets and hoods. In addition, they may feel hot or heavy with long periods of use.

Noise Reduction Estimates

HPDs will most likely have labeled Noise Reduction Ratings (NRRs), which are based on optimized lab testing and bear little resemblance to what groups of users get in practice. Use the presence of such a rating not as a buying guide, but as an indicator that a device has been designed and tested for noise reduction.

Labeled NRRs typically vary from 20-30 decibels; in practice the protection that can normally be achieved is about 10-20 decibels or less, especially when poorly fitted.

This modest degree of protection may be sufficient for some industrial environments as long as the devices are worn consistently, however, the highest values of attenuation are achieved by wearing foam earplugs, earmuffs or a combination of the two.

More than Meets the Eye — or the Ear

Double hearing protection (earmuffs over earplugs) may be used in very noisy areas for daily average exposures greater than about 105 dB(A). The rule of thumb is that properly fit double protection adds about 5 dB to the protection rating of the higher rated HPD.

Using plugs with a nominal protection of 20dB and muffs with a protection of 20 dB does NOT give 40 dB, but something closer to 25 dB.

Hearing aids are NOT hearing protectors.

Most hearing aids are vented, making them useless as hearing protectors whether they are turned on or off.

Do not use hearing aids in high noise areas; they can significantly aggravate noise exposure conditions.

Electronic HPDs come in two basic varieties. The communication/limiter headset consists of earmuffs with electronics built in to take either outside sounds or radio communication and electronically limit the level on the inside of the muff cup to a safe value.

This can be used for highly mobile people, like fork lift drivers, who frequently go in and out of noisy areas.

Active HPDs use sound sensors, amplifiers, and speakers to generate “anti noise” or cancellation wave patterns to reduce the noise inside the earcup.

The active technology, available in either an open back-headset (like a Walkman) or regular closed-cup earmuffs, is primarily effective for low-frequency (below 500 Hz) noise and for specialized applications, such as when combined with electronic communication systems.

The open-back versions, which provide less than 10 dB of attenuation at and above 1000 Hz, are intended primarily for reducing annoyance rather than protecting from noise hazard.

Hearing Protection Devices (HPDs) are one component of an effective hearing conservation programs.

HPDs can protect the delicate hearing system from the effects of noise on the job and off.

While there is an HPD to suit nearly every person and situation, no single HPD is right for every job, every person, or every noise environment. HPDs must be selected and properly fitted based on the noise environment where they will be used. Too little protection does no good; too much can interfere with communication and result in employees feeling isolated from their surroundings.

FSM

Source: National Hearing ConservationAssociation.

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